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Title
Comparative risk analysis of autonomous systems implementation in A2-B0 and A3-B1 ships

ISSN printed: 1733-8670, ISSN on-line: 2392-0378
Bilik, Aleksandra1; Michalski, Konrad2
URI: https://repository.pm.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/2876
2025-09-30
This article concerns the development of autonomous ship technology in maritime navigation, which entails safety and risk management challenges. This study aims to compare the risk analyses of two levels of autonomy of seagoing ships – A3-B1 (ships with limited crew) and A2-B0 (ships fully unmanned) – based on the results of a project named SAFEMASS developed by DNV GL company for the European Maritime Safety Agency. In addition, identifying new, emerging risks relating to the functioning of MASS is another research goal. The article uses hazard identification methods (HAZID) and fault tree analysis (FTA). In the case of A3-B1 vessels, the main threats result from reduced situational awareness of operators and dependence on automatic systems. In the A2-B0 model, the most significant risks are communication system failures and a lack of physical supervision of processes. The research results indicate the need to implement additional risk control measures, such as system optimization and improvement of human-machine interfaces (HMI). It is suggested that autonomous and low-emission technologies will develop conceptually in the coming years. Still, the widespread implementation of these technologies will take a long time due to the complexity of the processes and high operating costs. This article emphasizes that implementing autonomous technologies is a promising path for the sustainable development of maritime transport. Still, further research is required, investment in infrastructure is needed, and legal regulations must be adjusted.
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Title

Comparative risk analysis of autonomous systems implementation in A2-B0 and A3-B1 ships

Pages

Figures

4

Tables

2

ISSN printed

1733-8670

ISSN on-line

2392-0378

DOI

10.17402/653

Type

Original scientific article

Journal

83 Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, no. 83 / 2025

Publisher

Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

Copyright Holder

Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

Published

2025-09-30

Recieved

2025-04-29

Accepted

2025-06-25

Funding

No data

Keywords

unmanned vessels, autonomy, maritime transport, maritime risk, security, technology

URI:

https://repository.pm.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/2876

Language

English

Authors

Bilik, Aleksandra1; Michalski, Konrad2

Affiliation

1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences ‒ SGGW, 1 Faculty of Economics, 2 Department of Logistics 166 Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warszawa, Poland, s206115@sggw.edu.pl
2 Warsaw University of Life Sciences ‒ SGGW, 1 Faculty of Economics, 2 Department of Logistics 166 Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warszawa, Poland, konrad_michalski@sggw.edu.pl

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